Instructional & How‑To Writing
Instructions must be accurate, unambiguous, and easy to follow. Choose imperative verbs, use numbered steps, and add safety notes where needed.
Purpose and audience
Tailor detail to your reader. A classmate needs different background than a younger pupil or a general audience.
Structure and language
Essentials
- Title that states the task
- Materials/equipment list (if relevant)
- Numbered steps in logical order
- Imperative verbs: mix, measure, attach, check
- Time and measurement units
Clarity tools
- Bullets/numbering
- Short sentences, one action per step
- Diagrams or icons (if allowed)
- Notes/warnings in bold or brackets
Skill focus: verbs, sequencing, and precision
Imperative verbs
Start steps with clear actions: cut, fold, secure, verify.
Weak: “You should be checking the screw is tight.”
Strong: “Tighten the screw until it stops turning.”
Sequencers
First, next, then, finally, meanwhile, after, until, once.
Tip: Use one sequencer per step to guide the reader.
Precision
Give quantities, times, and sizes: 250 ml; 3 minutes; 2 cm.
Avoid: “a bit / some time / small.” Prefer exact measures.
Mini example
How to tie a basic reef knot
- Hold one end in each hand.
- Cross right over left and tuck under. Pull snug.
- Cross left over right and tuck under. Tighten evenly.
- Check both ends exit the knot parallel. If not, untie and repeat.
Audience adaptation
For younger readers
Use simple vocabulary and short steps.
Example: “Cut along the line. Stop when you reach the corner.”
For peers/experts
Assume prior knowledge and include technical terms and justifications.
Example: “Score the fold to 2 mm tolerance to prevent cracking.”
Extended example: assemble a flat‑pack shelf
Materials: Panels A–D, 8 × screws, 4 × dowels, screwdriver, soft mat.
- Lay panels on a soft mat to avoid scratches.
- Insert two dowels into holes at each end of Panel A until flush.
- Align Panel B with Panel A. Press together until joints close.
- Secure with two screws per corner. Tighten until resistance is firm (do not overtighten).
- Repeat steps 2–4 for Panels C and D.
- Check the frame is square by measuring both diagonals; they should match.
- Place the shelf upright and press gently to test stability.
Warning: Keep fingers clear of joints while pressing panels together.
Common pitfalls and quick fixes
- Missing materials list → reader cannot prepare.
- Too many actions in one step → split them.
- Vague time/measurements → add numbers/units.
- No checks/safety → add verification and cautions.
- Write steps as commands, not suggestions.
- Use consistent formatting for all steps.
- Add diagrams or photos if permitted.
- Test your instructions with a partner.
Practice tasks
KS3 scaffold
Write “How to organise your study folder”. Include:
- 3–5 materials
- 6–8 numbered steps
- One warning and one check
KS4 challenge
Write a SOP (standard operating procedure) for backing up coursework to cloud and USB.
- Include risks, versioning, and verification.
- Use precise timings and file‑naming conventions.
Self‑assessment checklist
- All steps start with an imperative verb.
- Steps are in a logical order and numbered.
- Measurements and timings are precise.
- Warnings and checks are included where needed.
- Formatting is consistent and easy to scan.
- Tested by at least one peer; edits applied.
Practice task
Write instructions for “how to organise your study folder” for a Year 7 student. Include tools, clear steps, and one caution.